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Beware of Inexperienced Streamlined Counsel
When an international tax lawyer is not really qualified to handle offshore disclosure cases, they will automatically submit anyone who is noncompliant with FBAR & FATCA into streamlined program — even if the Taxpayer was willful.
In these situations, the Tax Attorney convinces the Taxpayer to submit to the Streamlined Program — even though the Taxpayer is clearly willful. These attorneys submit the Taxpayer into the Streamlined Program by assuring the Taxpayer there is no risk of criminal prosecution, because the amount of unreported income or tax compliance violation was only “minor.” The attorney then glosses over the fact that that there is no de minimis rule for willfulness and if the Taxpayer gets caught, they may be prosecuted.
These attorneys usually work in tandem with outside CPAs. Together, the Attorney and CPA intentionally misapply the principles of “Kovel,” to try to shield themselves from a malpractice lawsuit. When a willful taxpayer gets caught in the streamlined program, jail is a real option. Just ask this guy and and this guy — both who face criminal prosecution.
The IRS has been cracking down on these submissions, with multiple criminal indictments having been issued.
Case Study Example
We have provided a case study example of what happens to taxpayers who are misled down this dangerous path. In all actuality, you are probably in a vulnerable state — how can you not be? It is a big decision, especially when you think you were willful. As we have mentioned before in many prior blogs — if you are willful, then you have no alternative but to go VDP – presuming you are going to get compliant.
While the IRS analysis of what constitutes willful may be a big “secret,” it is actually not that gray of an area — if you knew you should have reported the information to your CPA or Accountant (or otherwise knew it should have been included on your tax return), it is willful. It does not matter if you never heard of FATCA or haven’t the foggiest idea what an FBAR is.
Here’s How the Offshore Disclosure Scam Works
This is not uncommon, so no you are not alone on this journey.
An individual knows he is willful and knowingly didn’t tell his CPA that he had foreign accounts. This is usually because the person is scared. In more extreme situations when dealing with some of the big four accounting firms, the firm may have even sent you a questionnaire or binder asking you to complete the necessary information so they can complete your tax return.
These questions are not confusing: they will ask you (normally multiple different ways and in simple terms) whether you have foreign, accounts, accounts in other countries earning income, and/or any other type of investment from abroad (these questionnaires typically steer clear of the term “offshore” since it connotes someone sipping margaritas in the Bahamas and not the reality of foreign account reporting).
If this person proactively answered “No” in writing for all of these questions, this sets up a very difficult case to defend a Streamlined program audit. Sure, the chances of getting audited are slim but if you do, the IRS Auditor will assume you were willful based on these responses alone.
Unlike the Schedule B, there is nothing confusing about a basic questionnaire (and in writing), and it is especially difficult to defend when you answered all of the other questions in the Questionnaire!
Worse Yet, Multi-Country Tax Reporting
Continuing with the example above (regarding a CPA questionnaire), you may be in a more complicated scenario where you have not reported foreign income in other countries as well, in which you may also have a tax responsibility.
For example, you earned consulting income in country A that you did not report on your Tax Return in country A. Or, you own securities/stock in country B, sold it, and did not report the income to country B. If you did not report either of these income sources to the U.S. under the United States worldwide income taxation rules, you have now committed tax fraud in multiple countries.
Why? Because the CPA’s questions/questionnaire are typically relatively clear (e.g., “did you earn any money outside the U.S.?”)
Alternatively, a person may have completed TurboTax or another program themselves and did not include the necessary information on the form. Yes, simply because you did not mark off yes to question seven on Schedule B is not fatal – but if you knew you were supposed to do so, then it could definitely be a problem.
You Contacted Experienced OVDP Attorneys
We know we are not the only game in town. We take offshore voluntary disclosure passionately, but with that said, we have worked alongside other firms who also focus primarily in this area of law and there are many solid attorneys out there.
We know when a potential client has spoken with an experienced OVDP attorney. Why? Because we can hear it in their voice. A good, experienced attorney will vet the client out properly to determine if the individual was willful and will not sell them on a false bill of goods that they can simply enter the Streamlined Program because the IRS is understaffed and the amount of income they have unreported is minimal (see below).
Typically in these situations, we agree with other experienced OVDP Attorneys as to willful versus non-willful. While core strategies amongst and between different experienced firms will vary, the basic advice will be consistent.
You Contacted Inexperienced OVDP Attorneys
These calls are just as obvious. A client will contact us after speaking with an inexperienced attorney who probably handles five different types of tax law, and really has no trial, legal, or criminal tax experience.
In these types of situations, the potential client will tell us that they essentially knew they were willful. They’ve done the research, they have a solid understanding of the law, and realize that maybe they were scared, or thought they would not be in the United States for very long, but they knew there was something they were supposed to report. Sometimes the client may get it wrong, and is not actually willful, but 99% of the time, when the client truly believes he or she was willful, they are — and are still scared and are not comfortable yet telling us the full story.
At that point, we explain that the individual can no longer go Streamlined. And, if they go Streamlined, (not with us since we would no longer be willing to represent them for that program) they would actually be committing a crime by intentionally misrepresenting their non-willfulness to the IRS under penalty of perjury – which down the line may subject themselves to excessively high fines and penalties and even a criminal investigation. Again, sure, the chances of getting audited might be low (depending on your income level, how much is in your foreign accounts, etc.), so ultimately, it is up to you whether you are willing to take on that risk. With that said, our firm will NEVER take on a client when the client fully admits to willfulness.
You Contacted Unethical, Inexperienced OVDP Attorneys
An unethical OVDP Attorney is more focused on selling their services than helping a client. They couch their sales technique with the fact that they are going to significantly reduce their fees because the client can easily go Streamlined and nothing is going to happen because the IRS is understaffed and they only prosecute a few thousand individuals in a year. They want to help the client and there is no reason to go OVDP since it is a just a little bit of unreported foreign money and you’ll never get caught.
At best, this is terrible advice; at worst, it is an ethical bar violation that may subject the attorney to the loss of his or her bar license. The attorney charges an absurdly low-fee to bait the client in and the client is in a much worse position than if he had never started this trek in the first place.
Here’s how they are setting you up for a potential criminal investigation in the future:
The Amount of Unreported Income is Low
So what. The IRS does not have any de minimis rules involving the reporting of foreign income once a person is required to file a tax return. Therefore, if you have $200 of unreported for income but you were willful, you have to enter OVDP. You have no other option, if you’re going to disclose.
If you submit a Reasonable Cause Statement or Streamlined Submission instead of OVDP when you are willful, you are making an affirmative misrepresentation to the IRS that you had reasonable cause or were non-willful, when you knew you were willful.
Congratulations, you have just committed multiple crimes.
If you knew you were willful, do not enter the Streamlined Program and do not make a Reasonable Cause Submission. But, these attorneys want to sell you, so against your better judgment they convince you Streamlined or Reasonable Cause is still a viable option.
The IRS is understaffed
This is true, but again – so what. Even though the IRS only prosecutes a few thousand individuals a year, hundreds of thousands of individuals get caught with extremely high fines and penalties due to two (2) main situations:
The IRS only goes after “Big Fish”
This is an absolute lie. Why? Usually because “Big Fish” come armed with “Big Attorneys.” Experienced attorneys would take the IRS to task around each corner, costing the IRS incredible amounts of time and money. Chances are, if you are considering offshore disclosure and you are looking to get into compliance before the IRS finds you, then this is not the type of cat and mouse game you want to play with the IRS.
Big fish typically remain out at sea until they are contacted by the IRS, and by the time they are contacted, they have already developed and implemented a multifaceted plan to avoid detection. Even if they are audited, they have prepared for it; you, on the other hand, have not.
The chances of getting caught are low
This is true. So the question is — are you risk-averse? Some people are willing to take that chance because they are risk-takers and are willing to lie to get out of OVDP. We absolutely do not represent clients who want to lie and go Streamlined just because they believe they will not get caught with their hand in the cookie jar. If this is you, please stop reading this blog and go contact a different attorney. We are not the right firm for you.
Some people are cautious. They remember that one time that something absolutely odd/random happened to them and realize that these things DO happen. Like the one time you leave the house sloppily dressed because it’s an odd hour or you’re going someplace secluded, and of course, that is the day you bump into someone you know. Chances of this occurring? Very low. Did it happen? Yes.
In addition, many people commonly are audited for issues completely unrelated to the Streamlined/Reasonable Cause Submission (such as charity donations, home office deductions, self-employment expenses, mileage, changes in income, etc.). Unfortunately, this can automatically lead to questions about your Streamlined/Reasonable Cause Submission.
What Happens When you Get Caught Lying to the IRS?
Here is the reality: Not everybody is going to get caught. You may be willful, make a Streamlined Submission, and get away with it (at least for now). Thereafter, down the line you may be audited. And, you are obviously somewhat risk-averse to start with…since you are considering proactively making an Offshore Disclosure in the first place.
Why Would I be Audited?
It could be as simple as you started making more money, you opened your own business, or other small red flags that lead to a harmless audit that has nothing to do with your Streamlined/Reasonable Cause submission. But, here’s the problem: the IRS will ask you about the Streamlined or Reasonable Cause submission since it is still in the Statutory Period of the audit.
And, if you made false representations to your original/prior CPA and your Streamlined Certification/Reasonable Cause Statement was flagged by the IRS – you are going to have to provide significant facts to the IRS to support your statement.
Let’s say you misrepresented your account statuses to a CPA. Worse yet, let’s say you did it in writing. If the IRS auditor wants to, he or she can request copies of any documents submitted to the CPA. Moreover, the IRS can directly ask the CPA firm for the documents as well – and if necessary, subpoena them. There is no attorney-client privilege with the CPA.
Worse yet, since the original returns were prepared by a CPA that predates representation by your inexperienced OVDP Attorney for the Streamlined/Reasonable Cause submission, the former CPA will have little to no basis for refusing to provide the requested documentation to the IRS
What Now?
Picture it: You are sitting in an audit with an attorney who probably has no trial, litigation or criminal tax experience (if they did, they would have never sold a willful individual into the Streamlined Program). And, the IRS Agent notices the following:
- You speak English well
- The questionnaire from the CPA firm is in English
- Your CPA speaks English
- You provided answers to many different questions on the questionnaire, so obviously you read it
- When it comes to the foreign account questions, you marked off no.
- When it comes to foreign income questions, you marked off no.
- When it comes to foreign investment questions, you marked off no.
The auditor is now sitting across from you staring at your answers. What are you going to tell the IRS Agent as to why you marked off no for all these different questions? You didn’t understand what the CPA meant by income from outside the United States?
Don’t Dig an Even Deeper Hole…
You are sitting across from the IRS Auditor either at his/her office or at your Attorney’s virtual office he rented for the day, and wondering how to explain that even though you speak English, the questionnaire is in English, and your CPA speaks English – that somehow you didn’t understand these particular sets of questions about foreign accounts, income, investments, real estate, etc. — but you understood the rest of the questionnaire enough to answer the other non-foreign account related questions.
So, what do you say now when the IRS agent asks you how you were non-willful… “(Gulp!) Because… my attorney said I could still go Streamlined because the chances of you finding me were low.” Hmm… It will be hard for your Attorney to represent you while he or she is facing an ethical inquiry from the State Bar.
Moreover, when the IRS Agent delves further and realizes you are also out of compliance for filing taxes in a foreign jurisdiction as well, you have got a bigger problem. The IRS agent is going to assume that you knowingly didn’t report information to other countries, which may cause him to follow-up with the foreign tax authorities — since now they are going to question the values you used for the Streamlined/FBAR/FATCA submission you made.
This may lead the IRS Agent to report you to the criminal investigation unit of the IRS (IRS Special Agents), which may lead the IRS to contacting other country tax authorities – and since many countries enforce criminal tax jail time and only have limited voluntary disclosure programs, you have a real problem.
All the while, your attorney is charging you for this, per hour.
If the IRS believes you are lying, they may issue immediate enforcement activities such as Levy/Seizure or Passport Revocation.
Golding & Golding: About Our International Tax Law Firm
Golding & Golding specializes exclusively in international tax, and specifically IRS offshore disclosure.
Contact our firm today for assistance.